زائر
High Density ipptein
Definitin:
These ae ptein mees that ay heste bak fm tisses gans t the ive, whee heste wi be degaded eyed. HD is as knwn as the "gd heste", bease it emves exess heste fm iatin.
Synthesis:
HD synthesis s in the intestine and ive as we as its seetin. Nasent HD desn`t ntain apptein bt ntain ny Ap-A. Ap- is synthesized in the ive then tansfeed t the intestina HD. The newy fmed HD ae neay devid f heste estes.
Stte:
It's the smaest f the ippteins (abt 8-11 nm in diamete) and the densest. Bease it ntains highest pptin f ptein abt 60 %. It nsists f disid phsphipids biaye ntaining apptiens, fee heste, itte amnt f tigyeide and the pedminant ipid is phsphipids.
The apptiens f HD ae:
· ApA-I, ApA-II
· Ap-I , Ap-II, Ap-III
· ApE
· Ap-D
Atay the maj fntin f the HD is t at as iating stes f the ap-I, Ap-II and ApE.
Assiated enzyme is AT (eithin heste aytansfease). It’s synthesized by the ive. It tansfes a fatty aid fm the -2 psitin f eithin t the -3-H f heste, geneating a hestey este and yseithin. The ativity f AT eqies inteatin with apA-I, whih is fnd n the sfae f HDs.
Metabism and fate:
Newy fmed HD ae eeased int the bd steam they eeive heste fm exta hepati tisse, VD and Ds. Ap-A-I ases ativatin f AT. By the atin f AT heste estes and yseithen wi be fmed. yseithen wi be mbined t pasma abmin and the heste estes (whih ae hydphbi) wi mve int the intei f the biaye dis f HD. As the eatins ntine the geneated nn pa heste estes wi pshes the biaye apat ti spheia HD veed by pa ipid and appteins is fmed. HD2 and HD3 ae fmed as a est f aqiing heste by naent HD. The estefied heste an be tansfeed t VD, D and hymins by means f hestey este tansfe ptein(ETP) (apptein D) s, HDs wi be abe t aqie me fee heste. Then heste estes wi be tansfeed t the ive thgh the emnants f VD and hymins thgh D. This has the added effet f awing the exess ea heste t be etned t the ive thgh the D-eept pathway as we as the HD-eept pathway.
The main site f HDs degadatin is the ive and pssiby the intestine, heste-ih HDs etn t the ive, whee they ae endytsed. Hepati ptake f HDs, as knwn as evese heste tanspt, may be mediated thgh HD-speifi apA-I eept thgh ipid-ipid inteatins. Maphages as take p HDs thgh apA-I eept inteatin. HDs an then aqie heste and apE fm the maphages; heste-enihed HDs ae then seeted fm the maphages. The added apE in these HDs eads t an inease in thei ptake and atabism by the ive.
HDs as aqie heste by extating it fm e sfae membanes. This pess has the effet f weing the eve f intaea heste, sine the heste sted within es as hestey estes wi be mbiized t epae the heste emved fm the pasma membane.
HD eves:
· w eve f HD (highest isk f adivasa disease):
<50 mgd f femae, <40 mgd f mae
· Medim HD eve:
40-59 mgd
· High eve f HD (ptetive against heat disease):
> 60 mgd
Me abaty methds mease nt jst the tta HD bt as the ange f HD paties, e.g. "ipptein sbass anaysis", typiay divided int sevea gps by size, instead f jst the tta HD nentatin. The agest gps (mst fntina) f HD paties have the mst ptetive effets. The gps f smaest paties efet HD paties whih ae nt ativey tanspting heste, ths nt ptetive.
Fntin:
HDs pay an imptant e in tansptatin f heste fm the ippteins and tisse t the ive whee it's atabized s deeasing the eve f the heste inside the e. It as pay maj e as a stage f appteins. VD and hymins aqie thei Ap fm HDs.
High nentatins f HD (ve 60 mgd) have ptetive vae against adivasa diseases sh as ishemi stke and myadia infatin. w nentatins f HD (bew 40 mgd f men, bew 50 mgd f wmen) ae fat f atheseti diseases.
Stdies shwed that f a given eve f D, the isk f heat disease vaies 10-fd as the HD vaies fm high t w. nvesey, f a fixed eve f HD, the isk vaies 3-fd as D vaies fm w t high. S, f exampe, f a fixed D eve f 220 mgd, the isk f nay heat disease is 3-times nma if the HD is w (25 mgd) bt jst ne-thid f nma if the HD is high (85 mgd). n the the hand, f a fixed HD eve f 85 mgd, the isk f nay heat disease is ne-tenth nma if the D is w (100 mgd) and sti ny thee-tenths f nma if the D is high (220 mgd). This data shws that HD is a me ptent isk fat than D. Indeed, f a high HD eve (85 mgd), the isk f nay disease emains we than aveage even when the D eve is high. weing D eves in sh pepe, nvets a w isk sitatin t a vey w isk sitatin.
aising HD eve:
Phamagia theapy t inease the eve f HD heste indes se f fibates and niain. nsmptin f niain, an inease HD eves by 15–30%, and is the mst pwef agent enty avaiabe t inease HD-heste. The se f statins is effetive against high eves f D heste, bt it has itte n effet in aising HD-heste.
As sme hanges in ife stye
· Aebi exeise
· Weight ss
· Smking essatin
· Sppements ike mega 3 Fish i
· emving tans fatty aids fm the diet
· Adding mnnsatated and pynsatated fats t the diet
· Adding sbe fibe t diet
imiting intake f dietay fat t 30–35% f tta aies
==================================================================
i hpe ike the sbjet
Definitin:
These ae ptein mees that ay heste bak fm tisses gans t the ive, whee heste wi be degaded eyed. HD is as knwn as the "gd heste", bease it emves exess heste fm iatin.
Synthesis:
HD synthesis s in the intestine and ive as we as its seetin. Nasent HD desn`t ntain apptein bt ntain ny Ap-A. Ap- is synthesized in the ive then tansfeed t the intestina HD. The newy fmed HD ae neay devid f heste estes.
Stte:
It's the smaest f the ippteins (abt 8-11 nm in diamete) and the densest. Bease it ntains highest pptin f ptein abt 60 %. It nsists f disid phsphipids biaye ntaining apptiens, fee heste, itte amnt f tigyeide and the pedminant ipid is phsphipids.
The apptiens f HD ae:
· ApA-I, ApA-II
· Ap-I , Ap-II, Ap-III
· ApE
· Ap-D
Atay the maj fntin f the HD is t at as iating stes f the ap-I, Ap-II and ApE.
Assiated enzyme is AT (eithin heste aytansfease). It’s synthesized by the ive. It tansfes a fatty aid fm the -2 psitin f eithin t the -3-H f heste, geneating a hestey este and yseithin. The ativity f AT eqies inteatin with apA-I, whih is fnd n the sfae f HDs.
Metabism and fate:
Newy fmed HD ae eeased int the bd steam they eeive heste fm exta hepati tisse, VD and Ds. Ap-A-I ases ativatin f AT. By the atin f AT heste estes and yseithen wi be fmed. yseithen wi be mbined t pasma abmin and the heste estes (whih ae hydphbi) wi mve int the intei f the biaye dis f HD. As the eatins ntine the geneated nn pa heste estes wi pshes the biaye apat ti spheia HD veed by pa ipid and appteins is fmed. HD2 and HD3 ae fmed as a est f aqiing heste by naent HD. The estefied heste an be tansfeed t VD, D and hymins by means f hestey este tansfe ptein(ETP) (apptein D) s, HDs wi be abe t aqie me fee heste. Then heste estes wi be tansfeed t the ive thgh the emnants f VD and hymins thgh D. This has the added effet f awing the exess ea heste t be etned t the ive thgh the D-eept pathway as we as the HD-eept pathway.
The main site f HDs degadatin is the ive and pssiby the intestine, heste-ih HDs etn t the ive, whee they ae endytsed. Hepati ptake f HDs, as knwn as evese heste tanspt, may be mediated thgh HD-speifi apA-I eept thgh ipid-ipid inteatins. Maphages as take p HDs thgh apA-I eept inteatin. HDs an then aqie heste and apE fm the maphages; heste-enihed HDs ae then seeted fm the maphages. The added apE in these HDs eads t an inease in thei ptake and atabism by the ive.
HDs as aqie heste by extating it fm e sfae membanes. This pess has the effet f weing the eve f intaea heste, sine the heste sted within es as hestey estes wi be mbiized t epae the heste emved fm the pasma membane.
HD eves:
· w eve f HD (highest isk f adivasa disease):
<50 mgd f femae, <40 mgd f mae
· Medim HD eve:
40-59 mgd
· High eve f HD (ptetive against heat disease):
> 60 mgd
Me abaty methds mease nt jst the tta HD bt as the ange f HD paties, e.g. "ipptein sbass anaysis", typiay divided int sevea gps by size, instead f jst the tta HD nentatin. The agest gps (mst fntina) f HD paties have the mst ptetive effets. The gps f smaest paties efet HD paties whih ae nt ativey tanspting heste, ths nt ptetive.
Fntin:
HDs pay an imptant e in tansptatin f heste fm the ippteins and tisse t the ive whee it's atabized s deeasing the eve f the heste inside the e. It as pay maj e as a stage f appteins. VD and hymins aqie thei Ap fm HDs.
High nentatins f HD (ve 60 mgd) have ptetive vae against adivasa diseases sh as ishemi stke and myadia infatin. w nentatins f HD (bew 40 mgd f men, bew 50 mgd f wmen) ae fat f atheseti diseases.
Stdies shwed that f a given eve f D, the isk f heat disease vaies 10-fd as the HD vaies fm high t w. nvesey, f a fixed eve f HD, the isk vaies 3-fd as D vaies fm w t high. S, f exampe, f a fixed D eve f 220 mgd, the isk f nay heat disease is 3-times nma if the HD is w (25 mgd) bt jst ne-thid f nma if the HD is high (85 mgd). n the the hand, f a fixed HD eve f 85 mgd, the isk f nay heat disease is ne-tenth nma if the D is w (100 mgd) and sti ny thee-tenths f nma if the D is high (220 mgd). This data shws that HD is a me ptent isk fat than D. Indeed, f a high HD eve (85 mgd), the isk f nay disease emains we than aveage even when the D eve is high. weing D eves in sh pepe, nvets a w isk sitatin t a vey w isk sitatin.
aising HD eve:
Phamagia theapy t inease the eve f HD heste indes se f fibates and niain. nsmptin f niain, an inease HD eves by 15–30%, and is the mst pwef agent enty avaiabe t inease HD-heste. The se f statins is effetive against high eves f D heste, bt it has itte n effet in aising HD-heste.
As sme hanges in ife stye
· Aebi exeise
· Weight ss
· Smking essatin
· Sppements ike mega 3 Fish i
· emving tans fatty aids fm the diet
· Adding mnnsatated and pynsatated fats t the diet
· Adding sbe fibe t diet
imiting intake f dietay fat t 30–35% f tta aies
==================================================================
i hpe ike the sbjet
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